Physical Characteristics

Tasmanian devils are relatively small, stocky animals known for their robust build. They typically weigh 6 to 8 kilograms (13 to 18 pounds) and measure about 60 centimetres (24 inches) in length, excluding their tails. Their black fur is often marked with white patches on their chest or rump, providing excellent camouflage in dense forest habitats.

One of their most distinctive features is their powerful jaws and sharp teeth, which deliver one of the strongest bite forces relative to body size among mammals. This unique adaptation allows them to crush bones and consume almost every part of a carcass, making them highly efficient scavengers.

The Tasmanian devil got its name from early European settlers who upon hearing mysterious unearthly screams, coughs and growls from the bush decided to investigate further. Finding the dog-like animal with red ears, wide jaws and big sharp teeth led them to call it “The Devil”.

Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Tasmania

Behavior and Diet

Tasmanian devils are nocturnal animals, meaning they are active at night hunting or scavenging for food. During the day, they rest in dens or hollow logs. Their diet mainly consists of carrion, dead animals they come across in their habitat. However, they also hunt live animals, including birds, small mammals, and reptiles.

Tasmanian devils are known for their loud and unsettling vocalisations, such as growls, screams, and snarls when feeding. These sounds intimidate rivals and establish dominance. Despite their aggressive displays, Tasmanian devils are generally solitary creatures that avoid physical confrontations unless they compete for food.

Habitat and Range

Tasmanian devils were once commonly found throughout mainland Australia, but now they are only present in Tasmania, aside from those in zoos. These unique marsupials thrive in various habitats, including forests, grasslands, and coastal scrublands. The island’s relatively low human population density and abundant wildlife create an ideal environment for them.

Reproduction and Life Cycle

Tasmanian devils have a unique reproductive system typical of marsupials. Mating occurs once a year, usually in March. After a gestation period of about 21 days, females give birth to up to 30 tiny, underdeveloped young. The newborns are each about the size of a grain of rice and must crawl into their mother’s pouch to continue their development.

Since females only have four teats, there is intense competition among the young, and only the strongest survive. After about 100 days in the pouch, the surviving young emerge and stay with their mother for several months before becoming independent. Tasmanian devils typically live for 5 to 7 years in the wild.

Conservation Challenges

Early European settlers in Hobart Town viewed Tasmanian devils as a nuisance, often complaining about their poultry yard raids. In 1830, the Van Diemen’s Land Company introduced a bounty scheme to remove devils, Tasmanian tigers and wild dogs from their properties in the northwest. They offered a bounty of 2/6 (25 cents) for male devils and 3/6 (35 cents) for females.

For over a century, Tasmanian devils were trapped and poisoned, leading to a significant decline in their population and putting them at risk of extinction. However, after the law protected them in June 1941, their numbers gradually increased.

In 1996, it was discovered that Tasmanian devils were again under threat, this time from Devil Facial Tumor Disease (DFTD). This contagious cancer spreads through biting, a behaviour commonly occurring during feeding or mating. As a result, the population of Tasmanian devils has dramatically declined.

In response to this crisis, conservationists and researchers have implemented various strategies, including breeding programs and establishing isolated, disease-free populations. They are also working on developing a vaccine to combat DFTD. To help increase their numbers, ongoing efforts have been introduced, such as creating protected reserves and wildlife corridors.

Other threats to Tasmanian devils include habitat destruction, roadkill, and competition from introduced species like feral cats and foxes.

Cultural and Ecological Significance

Tasmanian devils hold a unique position in Australian culture and folklore. They are often depicted as fierce yet lovable creatures, partly due to their portrayal in popular media.

Ecologically, these animals play a crucial role as scavengers, consuming carrion and helping to control the populations of other species. Their disappearance would likely cause imbalances in Tasmania’secosystem, making their conservation essential not only for the survival of their species but also for the health of the broader environment.

Looking Ahead

Despite the challenges, ongoing conservation efforts offer hope for the Tasmanian devil’s survival. Initiatives such as the ” Save the Tasmanian Devil Program” and public awareness campaigns generate essential funds and attention.

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Victoria’s Fourth Zoo

In March 2022, Kyabram Fauna Park announced it had received accreditation from the Zoo and Aquarium Association Australasia. Then, in July 2022, the Victorian state government announced Zoos Victoria would take over the management of the fauna park, making it Victoria’s fourth zoo. At 55 hectares, it’s twice as large as Melbourne Zoo and a third larger than Healesville Sanctuary. However, Healesville is better laid out, with much more to see. With regards to size, all of them are still pale in size compared to Werribee Zoo, which boasts 225 hectares (though not all the space is open to the public).

In July, the first sorely needed upgrades in twenty years were completed at Kyabram with a new entry and ticketing area. The new entry includes an upgraded gift shop, toilets, and a cafe with a glass wall overlooking the fauna park’s new meerkat enclosure. The five meerkats, two males and three females, arrived from Taronga Zoo, NSW.

New Reptile House

With funding from the Victorian Government and additional benefactors, a newly constructed reptile house opened. Reptiles on display include pythons, various snakes and frogs. Lizard varieties include frill-neck lizards and forest dragons. The reptile house isn’t overly large. However, the enclosures for each reptile are lush and attractive.

Walk Through Aviary

Kyabram Fauna Park has two walk-through aviaries, one smaller containing king parrots and a second larger one containing bush stone curlews, satin bower birds and banded lapwing, finches, various parrots, doves, pigeon species and budgerigars. Both are good, but my favourite was the larger one with the more extensive variety of birds. It’s a great way to practice bird photography up close without shooting through the wire.

Animals

The other animals in the park include alpine dingoes, flying foxes, echidnas, Tasmanian frogmouths, boobook owls and assorted cockatoos.

Conservation and Improvement Programs

The park has been involved in conservation programs in the area since 1979. Their efforts include planting more than 7000 native trees and plants in the area to encourage wildlife to return. This initiative also saw 35 species of native birds return. The new reptile house is a significant drawcard. However, while enclosures for the Koala, Tasmanian Devil, Echidna and shingle back lizards are up to standard, much more work remains to be done on the older, outdated enclosures.

History Cottage

The park is also home to the cottage French adventurer, navy man, and soldier Theodore Hazleman built in 1867. Before settling in the area, Hazleman sailed the seas as a cabin boy and survived the American Civil War. In Kyabram, he set up as a wheat farmer and fathered 13 children.

Visit Kyabram Fauna Park

The paths around the park are mostly gravel or dirt, so closed-toe shoes are advised.

• 75 Lake Road, Kyabram, Victoria
• Open from 10 am to 5 pm except for Christmas Day and Good Friday.
• Adults are $32, and seniors are $20. Zoo members enter for free.
• Children 4-16 yrs 12.50. Children under 4 are free (from October, all children will be free on Weekends, public holidays and school holidays)

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Historical Background

The Dubbo Open Range Zoo opened its gates in 1977 as a companion to the Taronga Zoo in Sydney. The goal was to establish a zoo with more space for larger animals and to support breeding programs for endangered species. Dubbo was selected as the zoo’s location because of its expansive, open landscapes, suitable climate, and distance from urban pressures. Since its founding, the zoo has expanded and developed into a prominent conservation and animal welfare advocate.

Conservation Efforts

Dubbo Open Range Zoo’s primary focus is wildlife conservation. The zoo participates in various breeding programs to protect endangered species. It is also involved in the worldwide initiative to save the critically endangered black rhinoceros. The large savannah exhibits at Dubbo create an optimal habitat for these rhinos, leading to successful breeding and providing hope for the species’ future.

The zoo also plays a vital role in conserving the Greater One-horned Rhinoceros and the African Lion. These programs ensure healthy genetic diversity within captive populations and may lead to future reintroduction into the wild. The zoo works with international conservation organisations to align its efforts with global strategies to save these animals.

Educational Programs

Education is at the core of Dubbo Open Range Zoo’s mission. The zoo provides various educational programs to engage and inspire visitors of all ages. Through interactive exhibits, guided tours, and hands-on activities, visitors learn about the significance of biodiversity and their role in conservation.

One of the zoo’s leading educational programs is the Zoo Adventures holiday program. This program offers children a unique chance to participate in animal-themed activities led by the animal keepers, giving them an inside look at the zoo. Through this experience, children learn about animal care and conservation efforts. The zoo’s education centre also welcomes school groups and provides curriculum-aligned lessons that make learning about wildlife enjoyable and informative.

Visitor Experience

Like the Werribee Open Range Zoo in Victoria, the Dubbo Open Range Zoo has an open-range design that enables animals to roam in large, natural enclosures. This provides a distinctive and immersive experience for visitors. Visitors can explore the Dubbo Zoo on foot, by bicycle, by golf cart, or by driving their car through the expansive grounds, which offer a lot less walking!

A zoo highlight is the African Savannah exhibit, where visitors can observe giraffes, zebras, and antelopes grazing together in a setting reminiscent of the African plains. The zoo also features a sizeable Asian exhibit, home to elephants, tigers, and other species native to the continent. These expansive habitats enhance animal welfare and offer visitors a more authentic and educational experience.

Overnight experiences are available at the Zoofari Lodge and Billabong Camp. These accommodations allow guests to stay within the zoo grounds and enjoy exclusive tours and animal encounters. Staying at the zoo provides a close-up look at the zoo’s inhabitants and operations, fostering a deeper connection to wildlife and conservation.

Encounters and tours

Behind-the-scenes experiences are available, such as an Early Morning Walk with a Zoo volunteer, the safari truck that takes you out to venture amongst African species on the Savannah Safari, or entering into lion territory onboard Lion Pride Lands Patrol. All of these carry a reasonable (but additional) cost. On the day we visited, we took the Pridelands Patrol. For $29, you board a comfortable medium-sized bus and go into the lion’s domains, seeing them up close. The alpha male even put on a roaring show for us!

Impact on Local and Global Scales

Dubbo Open Range Zoo also plays a crucial role in the local community. It is a significant tourist attraction that contributes significantly to the local economy. The zoo draws visitors from all over Australia and beyond, bringing substantial economic benefits to the region. Additionally, it creates job opportunities and engages local businesses through partnerships and procurement.

The zoo’s conservation efforts have a significant impact worldwide. Through its breeding programs and collaborations with international conservation organizations, the Dubbo Open Range Zoo contributes to preserving endangered species and protecting biodiversity. The zoo’s research initiatives, often in partnership with universities and other scientific institutions, advance our understanding of animal behaviour, genetics, and ecology, providing valuable insights for conservation strategies globally.

Challenges and Future Directions

Even though Dubbo Open Range Zoo has been successful, it faces several challenges. The ongoing threat of climate change poses a significant risk to wildlife globally, and the zoo must continuously adapt its strategies to mitigate these impacts. Maintaining genetic diversity within captive populations is complex, requiring careful management and international cooperation.

Taronga Western Plains Zoo Dubbo is located on Obley Road in Dubbo, central west NSW

Tickets: $47.70 Adults, Child (4-15) $27.90, Concession $36.90 (Zoos Victoria members Free)

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Historical Background

Altina Wildlife Park was founded in 2004 by Gino and Gloria Altin. The couple’s passion for animals and experiences visiting game reserves and zoos in Botswana, Zimbabwe, South Africa, and Zambia inspired them to establish the park. It is situated near Darlington Point and covers approximately 207 hectares of land along the banks of the Murrumbidgee River.

Originally intended as a private collection of exotic and native animals, the park later opened its doors to the public. It focuses on wildlife conservation and provides educational opportunities. The park’s distinctive approach to wildlife management and visitor engagement sets it apart from traditional zoos.

Altina Wildlife Park offers safari-style tours. These tours allow visitors to see animals in large, open-range enclosures resembling their natural habitats. This approach improves animal welfare and offers visitors a more immersive and educational experience.

Conservation Efforts

Altina Wildlife Park is dedicated to conservation. The park participates in breeding programs to protect endangered species and preserve genetic diversity. One of the main focuses at Altina is the Scimitar-horned Oryx, which was declared extinct in the wild in the early 2000s. Through its breeding program, Altina has contributed to the international effort to reintroduce these animals into their natural habitats.

Altina is also committed to conserving endangered species such as the African Painted Dog, Maned Wolf, and Przewalski’s Horse. The park collaborates with other zoos and wildlife parks to participate in breeding programs to ensure these species’ survival. In addition to these efforts, Altina also focuses on conserving native Australian wildlife, including the Eastern Grey Kangaroo, Red Kangaroo, and Emu. By showcasing these animals, Altina aims to raise awareness about the threats facing native wildlife and the importance of preserving Australia’s unique biodiversity.

Educational Programs

Education is a crucial part of Altina Wildlife Park’s mission. The park offers various educational programs tailored to engage and inspire visitors of all ages. These programs aim to deepen our understanding of wildlife conservation and our role in protecting the environment.

One educational initiative at Altina is the Junior Keeper Program. The program gives children hands-on experience in animal care and conservation, allowing them to work alongside zookeepers and learn about the park’s daily operations. Participants gain valuable insights into animal behaviour, nutrition, and habitat management, fostering a sense of responsibility and stewardship towards wildlife.

Visitor Experience

Altina Wildlife Park offers visitors a distinctive and immersive experience, setting it apart from traditional zoos. The park provides safari-style tours in custom-built horse-drawn carts or motorised vehicles. This approach allows guests to explore the expansive enclosures and observe animals in a more natural setting, enhancing the visitor experience and minimising animal stress.

One of Altina’s main attractions is seeing rare and exotic animals up close. The park is home to various species, such as lions, tigers, giraffes, and rhinoceroses. The spacious, open-range enclosures allow these animals to roam freely, giving visitors a glimpse into their natural behaviours and social interactions. However, wire fences are still at the front of the larger animal enclosures, and you can’t approach the enclosure to shoot through the wires. It’s a tad difficult if photographing is your main aim.

In addition to the safari tours, Altina offers a variety of animal encounters and behind-the-scenes experiences. Visitors can participate in feeding sessions to hand-feed animals such as giraffes and camels.

Impact on Local and Global Scales

Altina’s conservation efforts have significant global impacts. The park participates in international breeding programs and collaborates with other wildlife organisations to combat species extinction worldwide. The successful breeding and potential reintroduction of species like the Scimitar-horned Oryx demonstrate the positive outcomes of these collaborative conservation efforts. Altina’s educational programs also have a broader impact by raising awareness about conservation issues and inspiring future generations of conservationists.

Challenges and Future Directions

Despite its successes, Altina Wildlife Park faces several challenges. The ongoing threat of climate change poses a significant risk to wildlife globally, and the park must continually adapt its strategies to mitigate these impacts. Maintaining genetic diversity within captive populations is also complex, requiring careful management and international cooperation.

Looking ahead, Altina Wildlife Park is committed to expanding its conservation and education efforts. Plans include developing new exhibits and facilities to enhance the visitor experience and support more extensive breeding programs. The park also aims to increase its focus on in-situ conservation projects, working directly in the field to protect endangered species and their habitats.

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Background: Asian Elephants in Captivity

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies Asian elephants as endangered. This is due to habitat loss, human-wildlife conflict, and poaching. Due to their social structure, intelligence, and physical needs, these elephants require special care in captivity. Zoos worldwide have been evolving their practices to accommodate these animals better. The focus has shifted to larger enclosures, enrichment programs, and social groupings that reflect their natural behaviours.

Melbourne Zoo has been home to Asian elephants since 1883. In recent years, they have played a crucial role in public education and conservation awareness. The elephants have also participated in international breeding programs to bolster the population of this endangered species. However, as knowledge of elephant care has grown, so has the understanding that traditional zoo environments, even well-designed ones, only sometimes provide the space and complexity these animals need to thrive.

The Herd

Elephants are matriarchal, meaning the females live in a herd together while the males live alone or in small bachelor groups in the wild. The multigenerational, cohesive female herd replicates this natural behaviour at Melbourne Zoo and will continue at Werribee Zoo. The new expansion has separate barns for matriarchs and bulls, replicating how they live in the wild. Multiple pregnancies have been achieved since Melbourne Zoo established the Cooperative Conservation Breeding Program upon the arrival of three young elephant cows from Thailand in November 2006. Melbourne Zoo’s first-ever calf, Mali, was the first female elephant born in Australia.

Reasons for the Move

The primary reason for moving the elephants from Melbourne Zoo to Werribee Open Range Zoo is the need for a larger environment. Melbourne Zoo, located in the city’s heart, has limited space. Despite significant efforts to provide a stimulating environment, creating a habitat that fully supports the elephants’ physical and psychological well-being was challenging, given space limitations. Werribee Open Range Zoo, in contrast, is on a more extensive land holding.

Melbourne Zoo, being an inner-city space, has no room for expansion. On the other hand, Werribee Zoo, located on the outskirts of Melbourne, is massive. Werribee Zoo covers 225 hectares (560 acres) alongside the Werribee River. Notably, the zoo utilises only a tiny portion of the available land, so expanding enclosures is not an issue. The large, open-range environment at Werribee Zoo better reflects the elephants’ natural habitat. This transition aligns with modern zoo management practices. It prioritises the creation of spaces that allow animals to exhibit more natural behaviours, such as foraging, roaming, and engaging in social interactions within larger groups.

The Process of Relocation

Relocating the elephants is a complex and carefully managed process that has involved months, if not years, of planning. This planning, which includes input from veterinarians, animal behaviourists, transport specialists, and conservation experts, ensures the safety and well-being of the elephants during the move. The careful attention to detail at every stage of the process provides reassurance about the elephants’ care.

The initial phase of the relocation involves preparing the elephants for the move. This includes helping the elephants adjust to transportation, such as getting them accustomed to the specialised transport crates (donated by the Fox Foundation) used during the move. This acclimatisation process began earlier this year and is crucial for reducing stress and ensuring the elephants are comfortable with their surroundings.

The upcoming relocation, scheduled for later this year, will be carried out with great care. Specially designed crates will be used to accommodate the elephants’ size and weight safely. Throughout the journey, veterinarians and animal care staff will closely monitor the elephants to ensure their well-being. Upon arrival at Werribee Open Range Zoo, the elephants will gradually be introduced to their new environment. This patient approach reduces stress and allows the elephants to explore their new surroundings at their own pace. The new habitat has been designed to enable the elephants to establish their social dynamics in a more spacious environment.

Implications for the Elephants

The relocation to Werribee Open Range Zoo will significantly improve the welfare of the elephants. The larger, more natural environment will give the elephants more opportunities to engage in behaviours essential to their well-being, such as foraging, dust bathing, and interacting with other elephants. The increased space will also enable the elephants to walk greater distances, which is crucial for their physical health, especially joint and foot health.

The move also promotes the psychological well-being of the elephants. Elephants are highly intelligent and social animals. Notably, the new environment at Werribee will allow the elephants a broader range to roam and exhibit natural behaviours. This includes forming more complex social bonds and hierarchies, essential aspects of elephant society.

Trail of the elephants – Melbourne zoo

Melbourne Zoo’s relocation of the elephants represents a significant change in its animal management strategy. While the zoo will no longer house elephants, it will repurpose the old ‘Trail of the Elephants’ to a new enclosure. The potential for new exhibits focusing on other endangered species or immersive experiences highlighting the importance of wildlife conservation is an exciting prospect for the future of the zoo’s conservation initiatives.

“In 2003, when the $15 million Trail of the Elephants opened to great fanfare, the 2.5-hectare exhibit boasted three separate spaces, big wallowing pools, a larger barn and more capacity for “enrichment”, a term that describes ways to physically and mentally occupy and challenge captive elephants, like burying whole vegetables in the sand for the animals to dig out.”

Sydney Morning Herald

However, by 2008, with the arrival of three bulls, they had realised that the space was too small.

New Enclosure at Werribee

For the Werribee Open Range Zoo, the arrival of the elephants represents a significant enhancement of its animal collection. Its commitment to providing world-class care for large, complex animals is a step forward. The move also positions Werribee as a leader in elephant care in Australia. It’s expected to attract visitors keen to see elephants in a more naturalistic setting. Additionally, this move will likely expand Werribee’s role in international elephant breeding and conservation programs. Thus contributing to global efforts to save Asian elephants from extinction.

In preparation for the elephants’ arrival, the Werribee Open Range Zoo is undergoing a 21-hectare expansion at a cost of $88 million. Funded by the Victorian Government, the upgrades will provide visitors with a world-class experience. By size comparison, in total size, Melbourne Zoo has 22 hectares, and Taronga Zoo has 28 hectares. The new open-range habitat will feature a central yard and sandpit. It will also have two 3.5m deep pools holding almost 2 million litres of recycled water. The deep water pools will help to improve their skincare, swimming ability and social skills. 

Visitors will have access to the Elephant barn, which includes communal areas, training yards, and breeding facilities. The barns have also been designed to support ongoing elephant healthcare and well-being. A training facility at the back allows keepers to do regular elephant health checks, such as blood tests, weigh-ins, and oral health procedures. Five outer habitats will also retain and enhance existing vegetation and significant trees. Two dedicated overpass bridges will allow the elephants to cross visitor walking trails between the central yard and outer habitats.

Broader Significance for Elephant Conservation

The relocation of the elephants from Melbourne Zoo to Werribee Open Range Zoo is part of a broader trend in zoos worldwide to prioritise animal welfare and conservation. By providing environments that more closely mimic the animals’ natural habitats, zoos can play a vital role in conservation, education, and research. This move also aligns with the growing recognition that zoos must continually evolve to meet the needs of the animals in their care, particularly for species as complex as elephants.

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The Aquarium

The National Aquarium, now known as the National Zoo and Aquarium, was established in 1990. At that time, around 30 different species were housed in the aquarium along with a large restaurant and a function area. The main attraction of the aquarium was a huge 1.5 million litre aquarium that featured an underwater viewing tunnel. This aquarium, produced by a local Canberra company was touted as the first of its kind in the world.

The aquarium occupied approximately 7 hectares of land and had multiple outdoor ponds and streams for trout farming. However, the aquarium faced financial difficulties, and some of its major exhibits were problematic. Within three years of its opening, the aquarium was sold to a new operator.

New Owners

In 1998, the facility was again up for sale and purchased by the Tindale family. Richard Tindale was a successful local businessman who had a passion for animals. He had travelled to Africa on multiple occasions and was interested in establishing a conservation breeding centre for big cats. Coincidentally, the wildlife park was put up for sale around the same time. His interest in animals at the time, along with several of his children. This prompted Richard to buy the facility in mid-1998. Initially, the Tindale family struggled to be accepted into the zoo arena, having had minimal background with zoo animals.

Renovations

Over the course of the following two years, they diligently worked on repairing and replacing numerous parts of the existing facility and enclosures. Unfortunately these had been poorly maintained for several years. During this time, they discovered that the primary attraction of the facility, the 1 million litre walk-through aquarium, had to be permanently closed down due to the presence of concrete cancer in the walls of the aquarium.

In 1999, the first significant enclosure was completed. This enclosure housed 3 Brown Bears that had to be re-homed after living for years in a private collection. In 2000, construction began on several big cat enclosures to house some retired circus lions, leopards, tigers and a pair of tigons (a cross between a lion and a tiger). By 2001, the wildlife park was in full swing, at one stage having 14 new exhibits under construction. These would, when completed, house more big cats, native animals, a variety of primate species. New enclosures were also underway for large ungulates such as zebra, antelope and giraffe. The wildlife park changed its name to the “National Zoo & Aquarium” upon completion.

Bushfires Threaten

Between 2001 and 2003, the zoo battled Canberra’s bushfires on two separate occasions. The once-established pine forest surrounding the zoo was also turned to cinders. It was suggested that the zoo should potentially expand into adjoining land. Over the next five years, the zoo continued to develop, negotiate, and design a potential future expansion.

This phase of the facility lasted around five years. During this period, the new operator added several outdoor exhibits, mainly of native wildlife. The large aquarium was converted from saltwater to freshwater to reduce costs. The overall theme of the facility changed in an attempt to meet the demands of a large Asian tourist market. It offered an “Australian” experience incorporating the wildlife park aspects and other activities such as fly fishing in the trout ponds, sheep shearing and boomerang throwing demonstrations.

Immersive Habitats

The zoo is known for its exceptional effort to provide a natural habitat for animals that closely resembles their native environment. As you explore the zoo, you’ll come across a wide variety of ecosystems, ranging from lush rainforests to arid deserts. The leopard enclosure boasts cascading waterfalls and lush greenery, while the tiger enclosure has viewpoints from multiple sides, a large lake, and an overhead walkway. The enclosures are designed with minimal wire and instead have glass, moats, or overhead paths, giving visitors a sense of openness. These enclosures are created to ensure the animals’ well-being and provide visitors with a chance to observe them up close in a natural setting.

The African lions, which include white lions, can be seen basking in the sun, separated from visitors by a low fence and deep ravine. Across another low fence, cheetahs can be seen snoozing on green lawns. Visitors can also watch squirrel monkeys play on their island next to the café. One of the zoo’s main attractions is its impressive collection of Australian wildlife, featuring kangaroos, koalas, and wombats. These iconic animals provide a unique opportunity for visitors to learn about Australia’s indigenous fauna.

Educational Opportunities:

NZA serves not only as an entertainment destination but also as a center for education and conservation efforts. The zoo provides informative presentations and guided tours that enable visitors to gain knowledge about the animals, their natural habitats, and the significance of wildlife conservation.

Conservation Initiatives:

The zoo is dedicated to conservation efforts within and in the wild. They participate in various breeding programs to help endangered species recover and contribute to global conservation initiatives. By visiting the zoo, you not only support these vital conservation projects but also gain a deeper understanding of the challenges faced by wildlife today.

Visiting Information:

Location: The NZA is conveniently located within easy reach of the city centre, making it a perfect day trip for visitors and locals.

Opening Hours: The zoo is open year-round, with seasonal variations in hours, so be sure to check the official website for current details.

Tickets: Admission prices vary depending on age, and discounted rates are often available for families and groups. Annual memberships are also available for those who plan to visit regularly.

Accessibility: NZA strives to be accessible to all visitors, with facilities for people with disabilities as well as many ramps instead of stairs.

The National Zoo and Aquarium is more than just a place to see animals; it’s a place to connect with the natural world. Whether you’re a nature enthusiast, or simply looking for a fun day out, the Zoo offers a memorable experience. So, plan your visit today and embark on a journey of discovery at this remarkable zoological park.

GENERAL ENTRY

Children 3-17 years (or enrolled secondary student) $32

Tertiary Students with student card  $48

Seniors Card/Pension Card Holders   $48

Adults  $55

Family – 2 adults and up to 3 Children  $152

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A Rich History

Taronga Zoo is situated on the north side of Sydney Harbour and covers an area of 69 acres. It was inaugurated on its present site in 1916, and the initial displays included seal ponds, monkey pits, an elephant temple, a top entrance, aviaries, paths, roadways and refreshment rooms. A total of 228 mammals, 552 birds and 64 reptiles were relocated from the old zoo location at Moore Park to Taronga. Some animals, such as the elephants, were transported across the harbour on a flat-top barge.

Throughout the years, the zoo has continuously expanded with new exhibits and facilities. The Giraffe House was completed in 1923 and was soon followed by the Aquarium in 1927 and the Floral Clock in 1928. Tahr Mountain followed in 1932, and the Tiger Pits in 1939. From the 1940s to the 1960s, Edward Hallstrom oversaw the development of various new exhibits, such as habitats for koalas, apes, gorillas the bigger felines.

A new era

In 1967, Taronga underwent a review that led to a shift in its style and operation philosophy. The focus was redirected towards scientific research, conservation, and education. This led to the development of several new exhibits. These included the Platypus and Nocturnal Houses, waterfowl ponds, and the Rainforest Aviary, which allowed visitors to walk through it.

In addition, Taronga built a Veterinary Quarantine Center and an Education Center, both funded by the Department of Education. They also replaced traditional attractions like elephant rides, miniature trains, monkey circuses, and merry-go-rounds with educational facilities like the Friendship Farm and Seal Theatre.

Conservation Efforts

Taronga Zoo is strongly committed to conservation, one of its most significant legacies. The zoo actively participates in various breeding programs for endangered species. This program aims to increase their populations and reintroduce them to their original habitats. The successful breeding of animals such as the Tasmanian Devil and Sumatran Tiger emphasises the crucial role that the zoo plays in protecting the future of these species.

Moreover, the Taronga Conservation Society of Australia collaborates with conservation programs and community groups worldwide to protect wildlife and the environment. This holistic approach emphasises the interconnectedness of all living beings and ecosystems, reinforcing the zoo’s commitment to a sustainable future.

Getting To The Zoo

Option One: Take the ferry from Circular Quay to Taronga Zoo. The ferry will drop you off near the zoo’s bottom entrance, only a short walk away. However, please be aware that the zoo is built on a hill, so your visit to the zoo is all uphill.

Until the Gondola’s closure in February 2023, visitors arriving by ferry could take the Gondola to the top and then walk downhill back to the ferry. Although a new and improved gondola is in the planning stages, it’s not expected to open until 2025.

Option Two: Take the bus. With the Gondola out of action, the best way to see the zoo is to take the bus to the top entrance. Then, working your way downhill past the exhibits, you can exit at the bottom gate and take the ferry back to Circular Quay.

Animals

Taronga Zoo is home to over 5000 animals, representing 350 different species. It is the only zoo in Australia that houses chimpanzees at Taronga Sydney and Taronga Western Plains Zoo.

Taronga Zoo is home to a community of 19 chimpanzees living in a habitat designed to mimic their natural surroundings. The chimpanzees live in a socially stable community made up of six families, each with both male and female members. In September/October 2023, the chimpanzees will be temporarily moved to the orangutan enclosure while their current habitat undergoes redevelopment. During these 18 months, the orangutans will be relocated to newly built accommodations and unavailable for public viewing.

Taronga Zoo is not only a place to see amazing animals. It provides an immersive experience that ignites curiosity and wonder in people of all ages. Seeing these magnificent creatures up close leads to a greater appreciation for the beauty and fragility of our natural world. In addition, Taronga Zoo offers educational programs, behind-the-scenes tours, and interactive exhibits.

Zoo Location and Entry

• Taronga is located at Bradley Head Road, Mosman.
• Open 9.30 am to 4 pm from May to August and 9.30 am to 5 pm from September to April.
• Zoo members can enter for free; Adults are $45.90 each, Concession is $35.10. Children 4-15 yrs are $27 each.
• Family tickets will save you 10% off individual prices.

Note:

If you visit the zoo on your birthday, you can pre-purchase a ticket for $1. You will need to have proof of your birthdate on you when going through the gate.

Taronga’s Zoos are now cashless. Only contactless payments are accepted when purchasing General Admission Zoo tickets and across our retail, food and beverage outlets.

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Visitors at the Red Stag Deer Farm can dine in the a la carte restaurant while enjoying stunning alpine views of the Ovens Valley, including the beautiful Mt Feathertop. And yes, the menu also includes venison, kangaroo and emu meat for customers to try. In addition, to the 200 red deer are emus, ostriches, pigs and goats, all of which visitors can hand feed. 

Red deer

Red deer (Cervus elaphus) is a species of deer native to Europe, Asia and North Africa. They are an introduced species in  Australia. In 1860, Prince Albert sent six deer from Windsor Great Park in the UK to Thomas Chirnside, who was starting a herd at ‘Werribee Mansion’ in Victoria. Before long, the herd flourished, and Chirnside sent deer to New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, and Western Australia.

Male red deer are ‘stags’, and female deer are ‘hinds’. The males have impressive antlers which can measure up to a metre wide and weigh up to 15kg. A mature red stag is 120cm tall at the shoulder and weighs between 135 to 160 kg.  Females are 90cm tall at the shoulder. Their name ‘red deer’ comes from the rich, russet brown summer coat.  In winter, the coats vary between dull brown to grey. They are herbivores, and their primary diet is woody trees and shrubs, as well as grasses. Red deer are social animals and live in herds dominated by a single female. Red stags have a lifespan of around 10-12 years in the wild and up to 20 years in captivity.

Breeding

The breeding period is April, and females will give birth after an 8-9 month gestation period. During the breeding season, male red stags will engage in elaborate displays and battles for mating rights, using their antlers to compete with other males. Males are only territorial during mating season.

Deer Antlers

Deer antlers are the fast-growing, bony outgrowths on the heads of male deer (and some female deer) that are used for display and to compete for mates during the breeding season. Antlers are made of bone and are covered in a soft, velvety skin called velvet, which is rich in blood vessels and helps to nourish the growing antlers. After the breeding season, the velvet dries up and is rubbed off, revealing the hard, bony antlers.

Antlers are also highly valued by hunters, who collect them as trophies, and by some cultures, who believe they have medicinal properties. Antlers are also used in traditional Chinese medicine, and they are used as an ingredient in tonics and other remedies. Additionally, antlers are used to make knife handles, walking sticks, and other decorative items.

Velvet

Red deer produce 10-15 kg of velvet from their antlers annually.  After the rut, a drop in testosterone causes the connective tissue to weaken, and the antlers drop off painlessly.  They then grow a new set. The antlers become bigger each year as the stag ages.  The velvet on the new set is ready to be harvested after approx. 60 days.  Specially trained farmers or veterinarians sedate the animal before harvesting the velvet.  If left on the antler, it hardens and calcifies into bone with sharp points.  Deer Farms are advised against leaving the velvet on the antlers as, during the rut, they can be lethal to humans and other stock.

The Chinese have prized velvet for health-promoting properties for over 2000 years.  In western countries, it is now sold as a general tonic and as medication for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.  Athletes use velvet as it helps heal cartilage and tendon injuries more quickly. In addition, laboratory and animal studies have shown that pilose, a protein found in antler velvet, has an anti-inflammatory effect.

Location

Entry is free to the petting section – The mini golf is $6 pp

Red Stag Deer and Emu Farm is at 324 Hughes Lane, Eurobin, Vic 3739

Open daily from 10 am to 4 pm

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History

Dr Colin MacKenzie founded Healesville Sanctuary initially as the Institute of Anatomical Research in 1920.  The 32 hectares (78 acres) site had formerly been part of  Coranderrk, an aboriginal reserve.  In 1927 the sanctuary was transferred to Healesville Council.  MacKenzie was knighted in 1929, and in 1934 the council renamed it the Sir Colin Mackenzie Sanctuary and opened it to the public. Finally, in June 1978, the sanctuary was transferred to the Victorian Zoological Parks & Gardens board.

Habitats

The sanctuary is in a natural bush setting with paths winding through different habitats housing wallabies, wombats, dingoes, kangaroos, and over 200 species of bird.

Main Track: this will take you past the emu, reptiles, amphibians, and the ‘Land of the Parrots’ walk-through aviary.  The aviary is home to budgerigars, Red-Tail Cockatoos, Eclectus Parrots, Lorikeets, Zebra Finches, and Regent Parrots.  Also on the main track is the Flight Arena, where you can sit and enjoy the ‘Spirits of the Sky’ show daily at 12 pm and 3 pm featuring a wedgetail eagle, black buzzard and parrots.

Woodland Track: this track features forest animals such as wombats, wallabies, and lace monitors, as well as kookaburras, pelicans, barn owls, and Tasmanian devils.

Dingo Country: The dingo country track takes you through the dingo habitat. Their habitat is a high, rocky exhibit, offering visitors a chance to see the dingoes up close and learn about their history. Dingoes are related to the Indian Wolf; however, they became genetically distinct after their arrival on the Australian mainland around 5,000 years ago.

Wetlands Track: this is for all the waterbirds, such as black swans, royal spoonbills, etc.

Visiting the zoo

Healesville Sanctuary is open every day from 9 am to 5 pm.

Adult entry is $42; Seniors are $38, and Concession is $31.50. Children under 16 are free on weekends, public holidays, and school holidays. At all other times, children are $21. Entry is free for zoo members.

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History

The land was originally part of the Chirnside family estate (Werribee mansion) before being sold to the Catholic church.  In 1975 the Victorian Government purchased the land and broke it into four parcels – Werribee Zoo, Werribee Park Golf Club, Werribee Mansion and the National Equestrian Centre.

At first, Werribee zoo was used as extra pasture land for Melbourne zoo’s surplus animals.  Then in 1977, the Board of Zoos Victoria decided to create an open-range zoo based on the African Savannah species of animals.  Most of the animals came to Werribee from Melbourne Zoo. However, the zebras came from Rotterdam zoo, and the hippos were supplied by Whipsnade animal park in the UK.  Werribee zoo officially opened to the public in 1983.

Early Days

When Werribee Open Range Zoo opened, work was still ongoing. Visitors would board a bus at Werribee Park Mansion, pay their entry fee on board the bus, and were then driven to the zoo adjacent to Werribee mansion.  

In 1996 the bistro, gift shop, and walking trail were added. Next, in 1997, the  Volcanic Plains trail. Finally, 1999 saw the arrival of four rhinos from South Africa. Before long, the breeding program commenced, and a rhino calf was born in 2002.  In the subsequent years, the zoo continued to grow. Lions on the Edge habitat opened in 2004, producing three cubs in 2015 and two more litters since. Kubu River Hippos in 2006 and African Wildlife habitat in 2008. 

In 2011, the gorilla exhibit opened with the arrival of an adult silverback and his two sons from Melbourne Zoo. The koala habitat opened in 2014, along with a bandicoot hideaway for the critically endangered eastern barred bandicoots. Squirrel gliders, dunnarts, tawny frogmouths, and striped legless lizards also live here.

Sheru, a five-year-old male lion, arrived from Sydney zoo in March 2022, joining the two lionesses, Nilo and Asali. He is considered the ideal age to assume the role of pride male and lead his own pride.

Main Attractions

Safari Tour: the forty-minute bus tour travels through the 45-hectare open savannah section. It runs on the hour daily and is included in your admission cost.  The safari bus passes roaming bison, camels, elands, waterbuck, ostrich, scimitar oryx and Przewalski’s horse before going through Australia’s only drive-through hippo exhibit –  the  Kubu River Hippo enclosure.  The bus then heads past southern white rhinos, giraffes and zebras (with the elephants from Melbourne zoo joining them in 2024).

Australian Journey – this trail will take you past kangaroos, emus, brolgas, tammar wallabies and orange-bellied parrots.

Pula Reserve Walking Trail takes you past the lions, vervet monkeys, cheetahs, African wild dogs, and western lowland gorillas.

Meerkat Bistro and Gift Shop

The bistro and gift are inside the front entrance, and the meerkat’s glass enclosure is beside the bistro. Visitors can watch them play while dining.  There is also a kids menu for the little ones and seasonal food, wines and beer for the adults.

In April 2008, it was announced Warner Village Theme Parks proposed that a theme park, known as African Safari World, was to be built within the grounds of the zoo. However, on July 1, 2008, the proposed theme park plans were indefinitely postponed, with the Government citing the potential $100 million cost to the taxpayer. It was also a concern that it would negatively impact the animals as well as conservation and research programs.

The Future of the Zoo

In 2020 the Victorian Government announced an $84 million upgrade to  Werribee zoo. Much of the massive 225 hectares (560 acres) that make up Werribee zoo is unused. As part of the upgrade, 22 hectares of that unused space is being prepared for the elephant enclosure, a significant upgrade from the 2 hectares they currently have at Melbourne Zoo. (Coincidentally, the entire footprint of Melbourne zoo is 22 hectares! Construction commenced in 2021 and is due for completion in 2024.

Also planned is an expanded rhino retreat, a prairie landscape for the bison, an expansion of the lion exhibit and a new hyena clan.  Additionally, a tree-top gondola, the sky safari, will carry visitors from one side of the zoo to the other.

Special Experiences

Slumber Safari – 2 days of access and one night in a luxury lodge at the zoo. Includes an animal encounter, a unique early fully hosted safari and meet the keeper. Plus dinner and breakfast. $380pp

Deluxe Safari Adventure – Travel across the savannah with a personal guide in a smaller safari vehicle. Unlike the big bus, this one gets closer and stops so you can capture photographs. I did the tour once and loved it. $56 (plus zoo entry)

Where is it?

Werribee Zoo is located on K Road Werribee. They are open from 9 am to 5 pm each day.

Adult entry is $42; Seniors are $38 and Concession $31.50. Children under16 are free on weekends, public holidays and school holidays. At all other times, children are $21. Entry is free for zoo members.

What’s Nearby?

Nearby Werribee Open Range zoo, you will find Werribee Mansion and the State Rose Garden. Both are worth a visit, especially during spring when the roses are flowering. Also nearby is Shadowfax Winery. The Werribee Gorge State Park is just down the road – another gorgeous spot for a walk or picnic.

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